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@CovidAnalysis

COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 5,025 studies

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104
COVID-19 treatments
8,263
potential treatments
118
countries with approvals
Recently added (more..)  Pemivibart  Ivermectin  PPI
Bhimraj
Update to IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and management of COVID-19, providing a conditional recommendation for pre-exposure..
Wang
780 patients corticosteroids late treatment PSM: 23% higher mortality (p=0.03)
Bagheri-Far
In Silico study showing that ivermectin, artemisinin, and DEG-168 may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the ORF8 protein's binding sites. Ivermectin..
Bianconi
1,087 patients PPI prophylaxis: 37% higher combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.09) and 96% worse results (p=0.0001)
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -25+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% >$2,000 Glenzocimab -60% >$2,000 Olokizumab -50% >$2,000 PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% >$2,000 Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir >$2,000 Trimodulin >$2,000 Losartan Sargramostim >$2,000 Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma $5,000 Sarilumab >$2,000 Remdesivir $3,120 Acebilustat >$2,000 Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab $6,350 Sotrovimab $2,100 Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Azvudine Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Casirivimab/i.. $2,100 Melatonin Ensovibep >$2,000 Bamlanivimab/e.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab $2,100 Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org November 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of 50+ host/viral proteins/factors, modulated by many treatments. 0.6% of 8,000+proposed treatments show efficacy with ≥3 studies.Protocols combine treatments, none are 100% effective.c19early analyzes over 5,000 studies for 104 treatments.
$0 $1,000 $2,000+ -20+% 0% 25% 50% Treatment cost (US$) Efficacy vs. cost for COVID-19 treatments Donidalorsen -151% Glenzocimab -60% Olokizumab -50% PPIs -46% BMS mAbs -36% Acetaminophen -28% Lufotrelvir -22% Trimodulin Losartan Sargramostim CBD Vit. B9 C. Plasma Sarilumab Remdesivir Acebilustat Ibuprofen Aspirin Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Favipiravir Paxlovid Famotidine Vitamin C Amubarvimab/r.. NAC Vilobelimab Sotrovimab Colchicine Budesonide Probiotics HCQ Zinc Azvudine Metformin Sleep Antiandro.. Nitric Oxide Bebtelovimab Vitamin A Vitamin D Sunlight H. Peroxide Exercise Fluvox. H1RAs Curcumin Tixagevimab/c.. N. Sativa NaHCO₃ Casirivim.. Melatonin Ensovibep Bamlan.. pH+ Quercetin Diet PVP-I Thermotherapy Ivermectin Regdanvimab Lifestyle / free No prescription Prescription required High-cost Lowerrisk Higherrisk c19early.org November 2024 COVID-19 involves the interplay of50+ host/viral proteins/factors.0.6% of 8,000+ treatments showefficacy. Protocols combinetreatments. c19early analyzes5,000+ studies for 104 treatments.
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarbonate Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin Antihistamine H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Azvudine Evusheld Sodium Bicarb.. Paxlovid Regdanvimab Vitamin B12 Sunlight Phthalocyanine Montelukast Alkalinization Fluvoxamine Famotidine Molnupiravir Quercetin Diet Bamlanivimab/e.. Hydrogen Peroxide Budesonide Probiotics Casirivimab/i.. Sleep Curcumin Povidone-Iodine Nigella Sativa Melatonin H1RAs Acetaminophen ↑risk Exercise Vitamin D Antiandrogens Vitamin C PPIs ↑risk Colchicine Ivermectin Metformin Zinc HCQ 2020 2021 2023 2024 Pooled outcomes Specific outcome RCT pooled RCT specific Statistically significant ≥10% improvement ≥3 studies c19early.org November 2024 Time when COVID-19 studies showed efficacy
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Top journals that accept positive studies for low cost treatments: PLOS ONE, Nutrients, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Scientific Reports, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Cureus, more...
November 2024
c19early.org
Cost per life saved from NNT in
studies to date
Melatonin
9
48%
  $8
Vitamin D
69
36%
  $11
Alkalinization
8
46%
  $11
Zinc
21
30%
  $15
Vitamin C
43
19%
  $18
Colchicine
43
28%
  $26
HCQ
249
26%
  $26
Ivermectin
53
47%
  $26
Aspirin
65
10%
  $41
Vitamin A
5
30%
  $45
Curcumin
8
63%
  $59
Famotidine
21
18%
  $94
Quercetin
5
61%
  $127
Metformin
67
35%
  $133
Probiotics
10
59%
  $172
Antiandrogens
32
37%
  $179
Nigella Sativa
5
57%
  $187
Fluvoxamine
10
44%
  $411
Budesonide
12
26%
  $574
Azvudine
17
33%
  $1,259
Favipiravir
40
11%
  $1,935
Tixagev../c..
10
42%
  $74,506
Regdanvimab
7
63%
  $139,860
Paxlovid
37
25%
  $206,705
Bamlaniv../e..
13
54%
  $301,549
Sotrovimab
12
51%
  $355,740
Casirivimab/..
10
26%
  $452,469
Bebtelovimab
4
60%
  $737,601
Remdesivir
66
1%
  $1,558,440
Molnupiravir
24
15%
  $2,400,867
Conv. Plasma
52
-2%
N/A
Acetaminophen
14
-24%
N/A
PPIs
20
-40%
N/A
Brensocatib
1
-41%
N/A
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5+ PPIs Acetaminophen Cannabidiol Vitamin B9 Conv. Plasma Remdesivir worse w/longer followup Ibuprofen Molnupiravir mutagenic/teratogenic Paxlovid independent trials refused Vitamin C Sotrovimab variant dependent HCQ Zinc Metformin Vitamin D Sunlight Exercise Fluvoxamine Curcumin Melatonin Alkalinization Quercetin Diet PVP-I Ivermectin Regdanvimab Efficacy in COVID-19 studies (pooled effects) Lower risk Increased risk c19early.org November 2024
All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.5% of treatments show efficacy.
Treatment delay (days since onset) Efficacy Early treatment is more effective 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 -25% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% c19early.org November 2024 p<0.00000000001 mixed-effects meta-regression, most serious sufficiently powered outcome
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% [66-87%] 3 $1 509 limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Indomethacin 74% [-20-94%] 4 $5 605 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% [-620-99%] 1 $1 23 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [51-71%] 11 $2,100 7,430 Ivermectin 60% [52-67%] 105 $1 220,423 Chlorphenira.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% [9-78%] 4 $0 217 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% [38-61%] 21 $1 3,249 Diet 50% [41-58%] 28 $0 693,236 Quercetin 49% [21-68%] 11 $5 1,436 Alkalinization 49% [36-59%] 14 $1 6,383 HH-120 49% [-60-84%] 2 $500 345 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% [-57-82%] 3 $500 359 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% [25-62%] 21 $1,250 35,320 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Melatonin 43% [30-54%] 18 $1 14,301 Bromhexine 43% [-5-69%] 7 $5 875 very limited data Casirivimab/i.. 43% [24-57%] 31 $2,100 59,449 variant dependent Sodium Bicar.. 43% [24-57%] 7 $1 1,092 Nigella Sativa 43% [24-57%] 14 $5 3,333 Tixagev../c.. 43% [26-56%] 17 $855 29,530 variant dependent Propolis 41% [-13-69%] 3 $1 410 very limited data Curcumin 41% [30-51%] 27 $5 14,886 H1RAs 39% [23-52%] 15 $5 71,705 Fluvoxamine 39% [21-52%] 21 $4 38,283 Montelukast 39% [14-56%] 9 $2 2,943 limited data Exercise 39% [33-44%] 68 $0 1,939,060 Hydrogen Per.. 38% [5-59%] 7 $1 835 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% [20-51%] 4 $5 5,245 Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Sunlight 37% [22-50%] 5 $0 19,665 Vitamin D 37% [31-42%] 122 $1 195,710 Vitamin A 36% [6-56%] 14 $2 22,297 Nitazoxanide 35% [-8-61%] 14 $4 3,632 Selenium 34% [-40-69%] 4 $1 21,452 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Spironolactone 31% [15-44%] 12 $5 28,019 Nitric Oxide 31% [-1-52%] 12 $11 2,236 Antiandrogens 30% [21-38%] 49 $5 120,172 Sleep 30% [22-38%] 15 $0 429,001 Vitamin B12 30% [5-48%] 4 $1 11,407 Metformin 30% [26-33%] 96 $10 292,491 Azvudine 29% [15-41%] 23 $25 13,258 Zinc 28% [18-36%] 46 $1 55,762 Hydroxychlor.. 28% [24-31%] 418 $1 538,895 Probiotics 28% [18-36%] 28 $5 19,646 Budesonide 28% [18-36%] 15 $4 28,194 Colchicine 27% [18-36%] 56 $1 33,066 Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% [11-40%] 25 $2,100 54,533 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% [-8-50%] 7 $5 1,245 Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% [14-35%] 24 $1 26,243 Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% [-24-53%] 8 $5 1,419 Vitamin C 21% [14-27%] 72 $1 88,913 Niclosamide 21% [-47-57%] 6 $50 2,091 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data UDCA 20% [-2-38%] 19 $15 43,512 Camostat 17% [-3-34%] 15 $1 1,920 Famotidine 17% [8-24%] 30 $5 114,119 Paxlovid 16% [12-19%] 72 $1,390 161,182 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% [5-24%] 70 $20 34,275 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% [0-25%] 2 $1 7,806 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% [3-19%] 46 $707 151,398 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Aspirin 9% [3-15%] 76 $1 187,919 Peg.. Lambda 7% [-138-63%] 4 $500 2,143 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% [-9-9%] 13 $1 54,707 Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -0% [-9-8%] 78 $3,120 202,827 worse w/longer followup Apremilast -1% [-56-35%] 1 $2,000 384 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% [-6-2%] 54 $5,000 31,210 intravenous Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% [-234-64%] 1 $100 23 very limited data Vitamin B9 -11% [-47-15%] 11 $1 54,354 Cannabidiol -12% [-86-33%] 8 $25 16,883 Sargramostim -13% [-85-31%] 4 $2,000 870 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -15% [-127-42%] 5 $5 665 very limited data Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% [-41--17%] 27 $1 543,459 BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data PPIs -46% [-67--27%] 39 $5 222,688 Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Chlorhexidine 79% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Indomethacin 74% 4 limited data Cetylpyridin.. 68% 1 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 11 Ivermectin 60% 105 Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Thermotherapy 56% 4 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 51% 21 Diet 50% 28 Quercetin 49% 11 Alkalinization 49% 14 HH-120 49% 2 very limited data Bemnifosbuvir 47% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 47% 21 variant dependent Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Melatonin 43% 18 Bromhexine 43% 7 very limited data Casirivimab/.. 43% 31 variant dependent Sodium Bicar.. 43% 7 Nigella Sativa 43% 14 Tixagev../c.. 43% 17 variant dependent Propolis 41% 3 very limited data Curcumin 41% 27 H1RAs 39% 15 Fluvoxamine 39% 21 Montelukast 39% 9 limited data Exercise 39% 68 Hydrogen Per.. 38% 7 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 38% 4 Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Sunlight 37% 5 Vitamin D 37% 122 Vitamin A 36% 14 Nitazoxanide 35% 14 Selenium 34% 4 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Spironolactone 31% 12 Nitric Oxide 31% 12 Antiandrogens 30% 49 Sleep 30% 15 Vitamin B12 30% 4 Metformin 30% 96 Azvudine 29% 23 Zinc 28% 46 Hydroxychlor.. 28% 418 Probiotics 28% 28 Budesonide 28% 15 Colchicine 27% 56 Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Sotrovimab 27% 25 variant dependent Andrographol.. 27% 7 Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous N-acetylcys.. 25% 24 Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Lactoferrin 24% 8 Vitamin C 21% 72 Niclosamide 21% 6 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data UDCA 20% 19 Camostat 17% 15 Famotidine 17% 30 Paxlovid 16% 72 independent trials refused Favipiravir 15% 70 worse w/longer followup Vitamin K 14% 2 very limited data Molnupiravir 11% 46 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Aspirin 9% 76 Peg.. Lambda 7% 4 subcutaneous Ibuprofen 0% 13 Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Remdesivir -0% 78 worse w/longer followup Apremilast -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% 54 intravenous Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Plasma-activ.. -9% 1 very limited data Vitamin B9 -11% 11 Cannabidiol -12% 8 Sargramostim -13% 4 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -15% 5 very limited data Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -28% 27 BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data PPIs -46% 39 Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data All studies (pooled effects, all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Amubarv../r.. 91% [30-99%] 1 $1,380 780 intravenous Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Ensovibep 89% [-127-99%] 1 $2,100 400 very limited data Bromhexine 84% [-35-98%] 2 $5 269 very limited data Chlorhexidine 79% [61-89%] 1 $1 260 very limited data Melatonin 78% [25-94%] 2 $1 91 very limited data Spironolactone 77% [34-92%] 1 $5 270 very limited data Alkalinization 75% [49-88%] 3 $1 312 limited data Proxalutamide 71% [-75-95%] 3 $500 1,175 very limited data Aspirin 67% [-696-99%] 1 $1 280 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 66% [54-74%] 39 $1 57,678 Sodium Bicarb.. 65% [-727-99%] 1 $1 79 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 63% [44-76%] 15 $1 1,559 Regdanvimab 62% [50-72%] 10 $2,100 7,032 Vitamin A 62% [-3-86%] 3 $2 420 limited data Ivermectin 61% [50-69%] 40 $1 136,434 Vitamin D 60% [40-74%] 11 $1 43,587 Metformin 58% [23-77%] 3 $10 27,730 limited data H1RAs 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Chlorpheniram.. 56% [46-64%] 3 $5 806 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 52% [23-70%] 15 $1,250 28,877 variant dependent Budesonide 49% [-617-96%] 2 $4 1,622 very limited data Famotidine 48% [-32-80%] 1 $5 55 very limited data Fluvoxamine 48% [1-73%] 12 $4 5,427 Lactoferrin 47% [27-61%] 3 $5 341 very limited data Casirivimab/i.. 47% [29-60%] 21 $2,100 42,887 variant dependent Nigella Sativa 46% [19-64%] 7 $5 1,816 Colchicine 45% [-67-82%] 3 $1 138 limited data Antiandrogens 44% [31-55%] 6 $5 28,040 Nitric Oxide 44% [13-64%] 3 $11 697 limited data Zinc 41% [8-61%] 6 $1 4,218 Andrographol.. 40% [18-56%] 4 $5 450 very limited data Vitamin C 39% [20-53%] 7 $1 1,843 Bemnifosbuvir 38% [-94-80%] 2 $500 276 very limited data Xiannuoxin 38% [-46-73%] 2 $106 1,027 very limited data Azvudine 37% [-2-62%] 6 $25 2,196 very limited data Niclosamide 37% [-396-92%] 2 $50 127 very limited data Probiotics 36% [24-46%] 6 $5 882 Bebtelovimab 34% [-24-65%] 6 $1,200 13,329 intravenous Hydrogen Per.. 34% [-14-62%] 3 $1 161 very limited data Quercetin 32% [7-50%] 4 $5 352 limited data Sotrovimab 30% [14-43%] 23 $2,100 53,753 variant dependent Curcumin 29% [12-43%] 11 $5 1,684 Nitazoxanide 29% [-73-71%] 8 $4 2,545 Phthalocyanine 29% [4-47%] 1 $5 134 very limited data Ibuzatrelvir 27% [15-38%] 1 $1,390 126 very limited data Ensitrelvir 26% [-14-52%] 3 $500 1,450 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 21% [1-37%] 2 $1 416 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% [3-35%] 2 $1,000 1,399 very limited data Paxlovid 20% [15-23%] 52 $1,390 110,726 independent trials refused Peg.. Lambda 18% [-121-69%] 3 $500 2,129 subcutaneous Favipiravir 17% [-12-39%] 20 $20 12,457 worse w/longer followup Molnupiravir 12% [-1-24%] 36 $707 94,682 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% [-1-21%] 2 $112 1,432 very limited data Remdesivir 8% [-75-52%] 10 $3,120 16,109 worse w/longer followup Camostat 8% [-18-29%] 8 $1 1,048 very limited data Acebilustat 0% [-1462-94%] 1 $2,000 120 very limited data Losartan -2% [-1488-93%] 1 $5 117 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -22% [-41--6%] 5 $1 1,591 Tixagev../c.. -29% [-295-58%] 2 $855 1,011 variant dependent BMS mAbs -36% [-492-69%] 1 $2,100 210 subcutaneous Ibuprofen -52% [-351-48%] 2 $1 800 very limited data Conv. Plasma -58% [-336-43%] 6 $5,000 1,580 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% [-236-24%] 1 $2,000 62 intravenous Astodrimer So.. -205% [-7302-87%] 1 $10 197 very limited data Early treatment studies (pooled effects) c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Amubarv../r.. 91% 1 intravenous Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Ensovibep 89% 1 very limited data Bromhexine 84% 2 very limited data Chlorhexidine 79% 1 very limited data Melatonin 78% 2 very limited data Spironolactone 77% 1 very limited data Alkalinization 75% 3 limited data Proxalutamide 71% 3 very limited data Aspirin 67% 1 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 66% 39 Sodium Bicar.. 65% 1 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 63% 15 Regdanvimab 62% 10 Vitamin A 62% 3 limited data Ivermectin 61% 40 Vitamin D 60% 11 Metformin 58% 3 limited data H1RAs 56% 3 very limited data Chlorphenira.. 56% 3 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 52% 15 variant dependent Budesonide 49% 2 very limited data Famotidine 48% 1 very limited data Fluvoxamine 48% 12 Lactoferrin 47% 3 very limited data Casirivimab/.. 47% 21 variant dependent Nigella Sativa 46% 7 Colchicine 45% 3 limited data Antiandrogens 44% 6 Nitric Oxide 44% 3 limited data Zinc 41% 6 Andrographol.. 40% 4 very limited data Vitamin C 39% 7 Bemnifosbuvir 38% 2 very limited data Xiannuoxin 38% 2 very limited data Azvudine 37% 6 very limited data Niclosamide 37% 2 very limited data Probiotics 36% 6 Bebtelovimab 34% 6 intravenous Hydrogen Per.. 34% 3 very limited data Quercetin 32% 4 limited data Sotrovimab 30% 23 variant dependent Curcumin 29% 11 Nitazoxanide 29% 8 Phthalocyanine 29% 1 very limited data Ibuzatrelvir 27% 1 very limited data Ensitrelvir 26% 3 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 21% 2 very limited data Leritrelvir 21% 2 very limited data Paxlovid 20% 52 independent trials refused Peg.. Lambda 18% 3 subcutaneous Favipiravir 17% 20 worse w/longer followup Molnupiravir 12% 36 mutagenic/teratogenic Deuremidevir 11% 2 very limited data Remdesivir 8% 10 worse w/longer followup Camostat 8% 8 very limited data Acebilustat 0% 1 very limited data Losartan -2% 1 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -22% 5 Tixagev../c.. -29% 2 variant dependent BMS mAbs -36% 1 subcutaneous Ibuprofen -52% 2 very limited data Conv. Plasma -58% 6 intravenous Glenzocimab -60% 1 intravenous Astodrimer S.. -205% 1 very limited data Early treatment studies (pooled effects) c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Propolis 86% [-172-99%] 1 $1 140 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Bemnifosbuvir 86% [-171-99%] 1 $500 83 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 85% [-166-99%] 1 $5 41 very limited data Proxalutamide 78% [70-83%] 4 $500 1,953 limited data Bromhexine 77% [-39-96%] 3 $5 550 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 75% [-42-96%] 2 $1 132 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 72% [8-92%] 2 $1 872 limited data Montelukast 64% [-249-96%] 2 $2 255 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% [37-79%] 7 $2,100 3,945 Curcumin 63% [36-78%] 8 $5 714 Quercetin 61% [-35-88%] 5 $5 790 limited data Bebtelovimab 60% [-11-86%] 4 $1,200 12,478 intravenous Probiotics 59% [35-74%] 10 $5 1,302 Nigella Sativa 57% [-20-85%] 5 $5 1,342 Bamlaniv../e.. 54% [13-76%] 13 $1,250 32,261 variant dependent Camostat 54% [19-74%] 7 $1 1,167 Sotrovimab 51% [7-74%] 12 $2,100 19,026 variant dependent Exercise 48% [38-57%] 19 $0 1,552,467 Melatonin 48% [27-63%] 9 $1 2,054 Ivermectin 47% [34-58%] 53 $1 123,452 Ensovibep 46% [-173-89%] 2 $2,100 885 limited data Alkalinization 46% [27-60%] 8 $1 5,876 Fluvoxamine 44% [15-63%] 10 $4 5,101 Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Thermotherapy 43% [-45-78%] 1 $0 105 very limited data Nitazoxanide 42% [-24-73%] 6 $4 1,877 limited data Tixagev../c.. 42% [16-60%] 10 $855 16,858 variant dependent Sodium Bicar.. 41% [6-63%] 4 $1 898 limited data H1RAs 38% [16-54%] 7 $5 70,872 Antiandrogens 37% [21-50%] 32 $5 112,973 Vitamin D 36% [28-43%] 69 $1 63,650 Selenium 35% [-273-89%] 1 $1 122 very limited data Metformin 35% [30-39%] 67 $10 209,942 Vitamin B12 34% [-44-70%] 1 $1 9,206 very limited data Azvudine 33% [16-46%] 17 $25 12,102 Sunlight 32% [12-48%] 1 $0 0 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 31% [14-44%] 20 $1 25,781 Vitamin A 30% [-210-84%] 5 $2 401 Spironolactone 30% [18-40%] 4 $5 25,206 Zinc 30% [12-44%] 21 $1 13,470 Colchicine 28% [17-37%] 43 $1 29,650 Peg.. Lambda 27% [-158-79%] 1 $500 1,949 subcutaneous Sleep 27% [10-40%] 4 $0 382,739 limited data Budesonide 26% [15-36%] 12 $4 20,717 Hydroxychlor.. 26% [22-30%] 249 $1 380,323 Vilobelimab 26% [-4-48%] 1 $6,350 368 intravenous Casirivimab/i.. 26% [-8-49%] 10 $2,100 33,108 variant dependent Paxlovid 25% [15-34%] 37 $1,390 108,102 independent trials refused Amubarv../r.. 25% [-70-66%] 4 $1,380 1,568 intravenous Diet 20% [-15-44%] 3 $0 360,100 limited data Vitamin C 19% [10-28%] 43 $1 48,673 Sargramostim 19% [-83-64%] 2 $2,000 203 very limited data Famotidine 18% [9-27%] 21 $5 86,617 Lactoferrin 17% [-161-73%] 3 $5 921 limited data UDCA 16% [-14-39%] 7 $15 27,008 Molnupiravir 15% [5-24%] 24 $707 124,940 mutagenic/teratogenic Niclosamide 14% [-131-68%] 3 $50 1,846 very limited data Favipiravir 11% [-5-25%] 40 $20 27,628 worse w/longer followup Aspirin 10% [4-16%] 65 $1 161,240 Cannabidiol 8% [-75-52%] 4 $25 14,930 Remdesivir 1% [-8-10%] 66 $3,120 199,658 worse w/longer followup Levilimab 0% [-289-74%] 1 $2,000 206 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% [-21-17%] 11 $2,000 2,231 intravenous/subcutaneous Apremilast -1% [-56-35%] 1 $2,000 384 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% [-7-3%] 52 $5,000 30,068 intravenous Ibuprofen -2% [-26-17%] 8 $1 50,525 Nitric Oxide -4% [-46-27%] 6 $11 845 Ravulizumab -5% [-45-24%] 2 $2,000 481 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% [-135-52%] 1 $10,000 55 very limited data Brexanolone -14% [-129-43%] 1 $34,000 28 very limited data Losartan -16% [-134-43%] 4 $5 548 limited data Trimodulin -17% [-116-37%] 1 $2,000 166 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% [-198-50%] 1 $2,000 58 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -24% [-40--9%] 14 $1 144,648 Pacritinib -28% [-210-47%] 1 $2,000 200 very limited data PPIs -40% [-67--17%] 20 $5 56,361 Brensocatib -41% [-88--6%] 1 $2,000 404 very limited data Olokizumab -50% [-309-45%] 1 $2,000 248 subcutaneous Vitamin B9 -53% [-140-2%] 6 $1 34,077 very limited data Siltuximab -64% [-252-23%] 1 $2,000 149 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% [-304-32%] 1 $2,000 156 very limited data Emvododstat -132% [-628-26%] 1 $2,000 187 very limited data Goflikicept -135% [-492-7%] 1 $2,000 247 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% [-602-11%] 1 $2,000 103 intravenous/subcutaneous Vitamin K -200% [-6852-87%] 1 $1 40 very limited data All mortality results (all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Propolis 86% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Bemnifosbuvir 86% 1 very limited data Phthalocyan.. 85% 1 very limited data Proxalutamide 78% 4 limited data Bromhexine 77% 3 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 75% 2 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 72% 2 limited data Montelukast 64% 2 very limited data Regdanvimab 63% 7 Curcumin 63% 8 Quercetin 61% 5 limited data Bebtelovimab 60% 4 intravenous Probiotics 59% 10 Nigella Sativa 57% 5 Bamlaniv../e.. 54% 13 variant dependent Camostat 54% 7 Sotrovimab 51% 12 variant dependent Exercise 48% 19 Melatonin 48% 9 Ivermectin 47% 53 Ensovibep 46% 2 limited data Alkalinization 46% 8 Fluvoxamine 44% 10 Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Thermotherapy 43% 1 very limited data Nitazoxanide 42% 6 limited data Tixagev../c.. 42% 10 variant dependent Sodium Bicar.. 41% 4 limited data H1RAs 38% 7 Antiandrogens 37% 32 Vitamin D 36% 69 Selenium 35% 1 very limited data Metformin 35% 67 Vitamin B12 34% 1 very limited data Azvudine 33% 17 Sunlight 32% 1 very limited data N-acetylcys.. 31% 20 Vitamin A 30% 5 Spironolactone 30% 4 Zinc 30% 21 Colchicine 28% 43 Peg.. Lambda 27% 1 subcutaneous Sleep 27% 4 limited data Budesonide 26% 12 Hydroxychlor.. 26% 249 Vilobelimab 26% 1 intravenous Casirivimab/.. 26% 10 variant dependent Paxlovid 25% 37 independent trials refused Amubarv../r.. 25% 4 intravenous Diet 20% 3 limited data Vitamin C 19% 43 Sargramostim 19% 2 very limited data Famotidine 18% 21 Lactoferrin 17% 3 limited data UDCA 16% 7 Molnupiravir 15% 24 mutagenic/teratogenic Niclosamide 14% 3 very limited data Favipiravir 11% 40 worse w/longer followup Aspirin 10% 65 Cannabidiol 8% 4 Remdesivir 1% 66 worse w/longer followup Levilimab 0% 1 subcutaneous Sarilumab -0% 11 intravenous/subcutaneous Apremilast -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -2% 52 intravenous Ibuprofen -2% 8 Nitric Oxide -4% 6 Ravulizumab -5% 2 intravenous Lanadelumab -7% 1 very limited data Brexanolone -14% 1 very limited data Losartan -16% 4 limited data Trimodulin -17% 1 intravenous Lufotrelvir -22% 1 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -24% 14 Pacritinib -28% 1 very limited data PPIs -40% 20 Brensocatib -41% 1 very limited data Olokizumab -50% 1 subcutaneous Vitamin B9 -53% 6 very limited data Siltuximab -64% 1 intravenous rNAPc2 -65% 1 very limited data Emvododstat -132% 1 very limited data Goflikicept -135% 1 subcutaneous Donidalorsen -151% 1 intravenous/subcutaneous Vitamin K -200% 1 very limited data All mortality results (all stages) c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Bromhexine 91% [-59-99%] 1 $5 78 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Amubarv../r.. 91% [30-99%] 1 $1,380 780 intravenous Ensovibep 89% [-127-99%] 1 $2,100 400 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 88% [50-97%] 1 $1 606 very limited data Nigella Sativa 87% [51-96%] 2 $5 732 limited data Vitamin A 86% [39-97%] 1 $2 140 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 86% [-169-99%] 1 $1 92 very limited data Curcumin 84% [39-96%] 2 $5 314 limited data Quercetin 79% [-83-98%] 2 $5 252 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 76% [61-85%] 17 $1 53,681 Sotrovimab 74% [61-82%] 10 $2,100 18,246 variant dependent Fluvoxamine 71% [-52-95%] 4 $4 3,010 very limited data Proxalutamide 71% [-75-95%] 3 $500 1,175 very limited data Vitamin D 68% [39-84%] 5 $1 42,974 Colchicine 68% [33-85%] 1 $1 0 very limited data Probiotics 67% [-716-99%] 1 $5 350 very limited data Casirivimab/i.. 65% [-6-88%] 5 $2,100 19,991 variant dependent Bamlaniv../e.. 64% [12-85%] 9 $1,250 27,100 variant dependent Regdanvimab 62% [34-78%] 6 $2,100 3,547 Bebtelovimab 60% [-11-86%] 4 $1,200 12,478 intravenous Metformin 58% [23-77%] 3 $10 27,730 limited data Azvudine 53% [9-75%] 4 $25 2,023 very limited data Zinc 50% [33-63%] 3 $1 3,016 limited data Favipiravir 42% [-22-72%] 5 $20 10,013 worse w/longer followup Nitazoxanide 41% [-1278-98%] 2 $4 873 very limited data Vitamin C 40% [-105-82%] 2 $1 770 very limited data Antiandrogens 39% [29-48%] 4 $5 27,683 Ivermectin 39% [11-58%] 15 $1 55,337 Paxlovid 38% [26-49%] 24 $1,390 62,526 independent trials refused Peg.. Lambda 27% [-158-79%] 1 $500 1,949 subcutaneous Molnupiravir 19% [-3-36%] 17 $707 69,751 mutagenic/teratogenic Remdesivir 15% [-418-86%] 3 $3,120 14,508 worse w/longer followup Tixagev../c.. -29% [-295-58%] 2 $855 1,011 variant dependent Conv. Plasma -36% [-317-56%] 5 $5,000 1,508 intravenous Ibuprofen -52% [-351-48%] 2 $1 800 limited data Acetaminoph.. -127% [-775-41%] 2 $1 637 very limited data Camostat -152% [-6033-90%] 1 $1 295 very limited data Budesonide -200% [-7253-88%] 1 $4 1,476 very limited data Lactoferrin -203% [-7216-87%] 1 $5 156 very limited data Early treatment mortality results c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Bromhexine 91% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Amubarv../r.. 91% 1 intravenous Ensovibep 89% 1 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 88% 1 very limited data Nigella Sativa 87% 2 limited data Vitamin A 86% 1 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 86% 1 very limited data Curcumin 84% 2 limited data Quercetin 79% 2 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 76% 17 Sotrovimab 74% 10 variant dependent Fluvoxamine 71% 4 very limited data Proxalutamide 71% 3 very limited data Vitamin D 68% 5 Colchicine 68% 1 very limited data Probiotics 67% 1 very limited data Casirivimab/.. 65% 5 variant dependent Bamlaniv../e.. 64% 9 variant dependent Regdanvimab 62% 6 Bebtelovimab 60% 4 intravenous Metformin 58% 3 limited data Azvudine 53% 4 very limited data Zinc 50% 3 limited data Favipiravir 42% 5 worse w/longer followup Nitazoxanide 41% 2 very limited data Vitamin C 40% 2 very limited data Antiandrogens 39% 4 Ivermectin 39% 15 Paxlovid 38% 24 independent trials refused Peg.. Lambda 27% 1 subcutaneous Molnupiravir 19% 17 mutagenic/teratogenic Remdesivir 15% 3 worse w/longer followup Tixagev../c.. -29% 2 variant dependent Conv. Plasma -36% 5 intravenous Ibuprofen -52% 2 limited data Acetaminoph.. -127% 2 very limited data Camostat -152% 1 very limited data Budesonide -200% 1 very limited data Lactoferrin -203% 1 very limited data Early treatment mortality results c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Hydrogen Per.. 93% [-13-100%] 1 $1 466 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Quercetin 93% [73-98%] 3 $5 346 very limited data Ivermectin 85% [77-90%] 17 $1 19,764 Iota-carragee.. 80% [22-95%] 1 $1 394 very limited data HH-120 76% [19-93%] 1 $500 177 very limited data Nitric Oxide 75% [57-86%] 1 $11 625 very limited data Casirivimab/i.. 67% [-46-93%] 5 $2,100 3,445 variant dependent Paxlovid 67% [-720-99%] 1 $1,390 1,670 independent trials refused Bromhexine 65% [-212-96%] 2 $5 422 very limited data Montelukast 64% [-215-96%] 2 $2 1,061 very limited data Chlorhexidine 61% [3-84%] 1 $1 76 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 57% [33-72%] 1 $1,250 965 variant dependent Phthalocyanine 54% [-8-80%] 1 $5 5,040 very limited data Diet 50% [41-58%] 28 $0 693,236 Tixagev../c.. 49% [31-62%] 13 $855 26,876 variant dependent Nigella Sativa 46% [15-65%] 4 $5 907 Alkalinization 45% [-22-76%] 1 $1 80 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 45% [20-62%] 1 $1 1,354 very limited data Nitazoxanide 44% [10-65%] 2 $4 531 very limited data Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular Sunlight 41% [20-56%] 4 $0 19,635 Exercise 39% [33-44%] 67 $0 1,938,621 Melatonin 38% [-6-64%] 3 $1 11,986 limited data Vitamin A 38% [6-59%] 5 $2 21,539 Probiotics 37% [12-55%] 10 $5 17,284 Curcumin 36% [11-55%] 3 $5 12,149 limited data Selenium 36% [-59-74%] 3 $1 21,330 limited data H1RAs 35% [14-51%] 10 $5 70,696 Hydroxychlor.. 34% [27-41%] 109 $1 195,498 Vitamin D 31% [24-38%] 61 $1 141,727 Sleep 30% [22-38%] 15 $0 429,001 N-acetylcys.. 28% [21-34%] 1 $1 0 very limited data Fluvoxamine 27% [18-35%] 5 $4 29,766 Metformin 27% [23-30%] 86 $10 264,042 Budesonide 27% [15-37%] 4 $4 23,299 Vitamin B12 26% [-2-46%] 2 $1 11,354 limited data Molnupiravir 24% [-1-43%] 1 $707 1,527 mutagenic/teratogenic Zinc 22% [7-36%] 18 $1 38,968 UDCA 19% [-5-38%] 18 $15 43,397 Vitamin C 19% [6-30%] 17 $1 62,441 Famotidine 16% [4-27%] 12 $5 66,229 Vitamin K 14% [1-26%] 1 $1 7,766 very limited data Spironolactone 13% [-21-37%] 5 $5 27,159 Colchicine 12% [-21-36%] 9 $1 3,222 Antiandrogens 7% [-3-16%] 25 $5 89,849 Aspirin 5% [-5-14%] 41 $1 146,429 Niclosamide 0% [-607-86%] 1 $50 1,651 very limited data Ibuprofen -1% [-10-8%] 10 $1 53,727 Cannabidiol -7% [-78-36%] 7 $25 16,792 Vitamin B9 -11% [-47-15%] 11 $1 54,354 Camostat -14% [-318-69%] 1 $1 0 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -21% [-37--8%] 14 $1 532,270 PPIs -34% [-51--18%] 36 $5 216,155 Lactoferrin -36% [-218-42%] 2 $5 259 very limited data Prophylaxis studies (pooled effects) c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Hydrogen Per.. 93% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Quercetin 93% 3 very limited data Ivermectin 85% 17 Iota-carragee.. 80% 1 very limited data HH-120 76% 1 very limited data Nitric Oxide 75% 1 very limited data Casirivimab/.. 67% 5 variant dependent Paxlovid 67% 1 independent trials refused Bromhexine 65% 2 very limited data Montelukast 64% 2 very limited data Chlorhexidine 61% 1 very limited data Bamlaniv../e.. 57% 1 variant dependent Phthalocyanine 54% 1 very limited data Diet 50% 28 Tixagev../c.. 49% 13 variant dependent Nigella Sativa 46% 4 Alkalinization 45% 1 very limited data Povidone-Iod.. 45% 1 very limited data Nitazoxanide 44% 2 very limited data Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular Sunlight 41% 4 Exercise 39% 67 Melatonin 38% 3 limited data Vitamin A 38% 5 Probiotics 37% 10 Curcumin 36% 3 limited data Selenium 36% 3 limited data H1RAs 35% 10 Hydroxychlor.. 34% 109 Vitamin D 31% 61 Sleep 30% 15 N-acetylcys.. 28% 1 very limited data Fluvoxamine 27% 5 Metformin 27% 86 Budesonide 27% 4 Vitamin B12 26% 2 limited data Molnupiravir 24% 1 mutagenic/teratogenic Zinc 22% 18 UDCA 19% 18 Vitamin C 19% 17 Famotidine 16% 12 Vitamin K 14% 1 very limited data Spironolactone 13% 5 Colchicine 12% 9 Antiandrogens 7% 25 Aspirin 5% 41 Niclosamide 0% 1 very limited data Ibuprofen -1% 10 Cannabidiol -7% 7 Vitamin B9 -11% 11 Camostat -14% 1 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -21% 14 PPIs -34% 36 Lactoferrin -36% 2 very limited data Prophylaxis studies (pooled effects) c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Ivermectin 90% [50-98%] 3 $1 9,199 limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Tixagev../c.. 67% [39-82%] 6 $855 14,204 variant dependent Nitazoxanide 66% [-741-99%] 1 $4 505 very limited data Exercise 49% [37-58%] 18 $0 1,552,028 Adintrevimab 43% [-169-88%] 2 $2,100 2,483 intramuscular H1RAs 40% [16-57%] 6 $5 70,696 Vitamin B12 34% [-44-70%] 1 $1 9,206 very limited data Bromhexine 33% [-946-96%] 1 $5 372 very limited data Sunlight 32% [12-48%] 1 $0 0 very limited data Budesonide 32% [0-54%] 2 $4 15,968 very limited data Metformin 31% [27-35%] 58 $10 181,513 Hydroxychlor.. 31% [15-44%] 23 $1 64,720 Zinc 30% [-137-79%] 2 $1 305 very limited data Vitamin C 29% [13-42%] 2 $1 25,174 very limited data Sleep 27% [10-40%] 4 $0 382,739 limited data Vitamin D 23% [9-34%] 21 $1 10,829 Diet 20% [-15-44%] 3 $0 360,100 limited data Spironolactone 18% [7-29%] 1 $5 25,008 very limited data Colchicine 18% [-46-54%] 4 $1 590 UDCA 16% [-14-39%] 7 $15 27,008 Famotidine 15% [-4-29%] 6 $5 41,916 Cannabidiol 8% [-75-52%] 4 $25 14,930 Antiandrogens 7% [-12-22%] 14 $5 83,438 Fluvoxamine 5% [-76-49%] 3 $4 176 limited data Aspirin 5% [-6-15%] 32 $1 120,097 Niclosamide 0% [-607-86%] 1 $50 1,651 very limited data Ibuprofen -0% [-25-19%] 6 $1 49,725 Probiotics -2% [-1509-94%] 1 $5 198 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -21% [-41--5%] 8 $1 135,027 PPIs -37% [-64--14%] 19 $5 55,996 Vitamin B9 -53% [-140-2%] 6 $1 34,077 very limited data Prophylaxis mortality results c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Ivermectin 90% 3 limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Tixagev../c.. 67% 6 variant dependent Nitazoxanide 66% 1 very limited data Exercise 49% 18 Adintrevimab 43% 2 intramuscular H1RAs 40% 6 Vitamin B12 34% 1 very limited data Bromhexine 33% 1 very limited data Sunlight 32% 1 very limited data Budesonide 32% 2 very limited data Metformin 31% 58 Hydroxychlor.. 31% 23 Zinc 30% 2 very limited data Vitamin C 29% 2 very limited data Sleep 27% 4 limited data Vitamin D 23% 21 Diet 20% 3 limited data Spironolactone 18% 1 very limited data Colchicine 18% 4 UDCA 16% 7 Famotidine 15% 6 Cannabidiol 8% 4 Antiandrogens 7% 14 Fluvoxamine 5% 3 limited data Aspirin 5% 32 Niclosamide 0% 1 very limited data Ibuprofen -0% 6 Probiotics -2% 1 very limited data Acetaminoph.. -21% 8 PPIs -37% 19 Vitamin B9 -53% 6 very limited data Prophylaxis mortality results c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Vitamin A 75% [1-94%] 1 $2 17 very limited data Cost Studies Patients Improvement Relative Risk Probiotics 68% [22-87%] 1 $5 69 very limited data Ivermectin 56% [-4-82%] 2 $1 3,549 very limited data Fluvoxamine 40% [33-47%] 2 $4 583 limited data Zinc 32% [-3-55%] 2 $1 444 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 31% [-95-76%] 1 $1 86 very limited data Sleep 31% [12-46%] 4 $0 72,963 very limited data H1RAs 29% [-1-49%] 1 $5 27 very limited data Metformin 19% [-20-45%] 1 $10 7,047 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 18% [-11-39%] 3 $1 878 limited data Exercise 15% [10-19%] 6 $0 76,140 Favipiravir 14% [-17-36%] 1 $20 802 worse w/longer followup Vitamin D 12% [-302-81%] 1 $1 62 very limited data Vitamin C 12% [-302-81%] 1 $1 62 very limited data Diet 9% [-14-28%] 1 $0 798 very limited data Lactoferrin 8% [-71-50%] 1 $5 133 very limited data Paxlovid 5% [3-8%] 8 $1,390 25,644 independent trials refused Molnupiravir 4% [1-7%] 1 $707 0 mutagenic/teratogenic Ensovibep -1% [-24-18%] 1 $2,100 327 very limited data Conv. Plasma -3% [-27-16%] 2 $5,000 1,342 intravenous Amubarv../r.. -20% [-75-17%] 1 $1,380 780 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -29% [-67-1%] 2 $1 434 limited data Long COVID results c19early.org November 2024 Favors treatment Favors control
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2+ Vitamin A 75% 1 very limited data Studies, Improvement Relative Risk Probiotics 68% 1 very limited data Ivermectin 56% 2 very limited data Fluvoxamine 40% 2 limited data Zinc 32% 2 very limited data Hydrogen Per.. 31% 1 very limited data Sleep 31% 4 very limited data H1RAs 29% 1 very limited data Metformin 19% 1 very limited data Hydroxychlor.. 18% 3 limited data Exercise 15% 6 Favipiravir 14% 1 worse w/longer followup Vitamin D 12% 1 very limited data Vitamin C 12% 1 very limited data Diet 9% 1 very limited data Lactoferrin 8% 1 very limited data Paxlovid 5% 8 independent trials refused Molnupiravir 4% 1 mutagenic/teratogenic Ensovibep -1% 1 very limited data Conv. Plasma -3% 2 intravenous Amubarv../r.. -20% 1 intravenous Acetaminoph.. -29% 2 limited data Long COVID results c19early.org November 2024 Rotate device for details Favors treatment Favors control
Random effects meta-analysis of long covid results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.5% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies.
LATE TREATMENT
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. MortalityDeath
Dr. David Uip (*) Brazil 2,200 38.6% (850) Ref. 2.5% (54) Ref.
EARLY TREATMENT - 40 physicians/teams
Physician / TeamLocationPatients HospitalizationHosp. ImprovementImp. MortalityDeath ImprovementImp.
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli
0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days		 Peru 1,265 0.6% (7) 77.5%
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam
patients up to 84 years old		 Bangladesh 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge Nigeria 310 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya
up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities		 India 148 1.4% (2) 44.9%
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani Brazil 3,450 0.1% (4) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Alessandro Capucci Italy 350 4.6% (16) 88.2%
Dr. Shankara Chetty South Africa 8,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Deborah Chisholm USA 100 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ryan Cole USA 400 0.0% (0) 100.0% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Marco Cosentino
vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better		 Italy 392 6.4% (25) 83.5% 0.3% (1) 89.6%
Dr. Jeff Davis USA 6,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Dhanajay India 500 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed USA 20,000 0.0% (6) 99.9% 0.0% (4) 99.2%
Dr. Raphael Furtado Brazil 170 0.6% (1) 98.5% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Rabbi Yehoshua Gerzi Israel 860 0.1% (1) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Heather Gessling USA 1,500 0.1% (1) 97.3%
Dr. Ellen Guimarães Brazil 500 1.6% (8) 95.9% 0.4% (2) 83.7%
Dr. Syed Haider USA 4,000 0.1% (5) 99.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mark Hancock USA 24 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Sabine Hazan USA 1,000 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Mollie James USA 3,500 1.1% (40) 97.0% 0.0% (1) 98.8%
Dr. Roberta Lacerda Brazil 550 1.5% (8) 96.2% 0.4% (2) 85.2%
Dr. Katarina Lindley USA 100 5.0% (5) 87.1% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ben Marble USA 150,000 0.0% (4) 99.9%
Dr. Edimilson Migowski Brazil 2,000 0.3% (7) 99.1% 0.1% (2) 95.9%
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana Saudi Arabia 2,733 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Carlos Nigro Brazil 5,000 0.9% (45) 97.7% 0.5% (23) 81.3%
Dr. Benoit Ochs Luxembourg 800 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Ortore Italy 240 1.2% (3) 96.8% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Valerio Pascua
one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen		 Honduras 415 6.3% (26) 83.8% 0.2% (1) 90.2%
Dr. Sebastian Pop Romania 300 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Brian Proctor USA 869 2.3% (20) 94.0% 0.2% (2) 90.6%
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz Brazil 700 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Didier Raoult France 8,315 2.6% (214) 93.3% 0.1% (5) 97.6%
Dr. Karin Ried
up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63		 Turkey 237 0.4% (1) 82.8%
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig
patients up to 86 years old		 Canada 80 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Vipul Shah India 8,000 0.1% (5) 97.5%
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho Brazil 116 8.6% (10) 77.7% 0.0% (0) 100.0%
Dr. Unknown Brazil 957 1.7% (16) 95.7% 0.2% (2) 91.5%
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko USA 2,200 0.5% (12) 98.6% 0.1% (2) 96.3%
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols 238,381 HospitalizationHosp. 94.4% MortalityDeath 94.9%
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the use of multiple treatments in combination.
Pemivibart
Bhimraj
Update to IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and management of COVID-19, providing a conditional recommendation for pre-exposure..
Miscellaneous
Wang
780 patients late treatment PSM: 23% higher mortality (p=0.03)
Davis
In Silico and In Vitro study showing that tixocortol pivalate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) activity and viral replication. The steroid..
Wen
In Vitro, mouse, and small clinical study showing efficacy of homoharringtonine (HHT) against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses by inhibiting..
Zhuang
174 patients late treatment PSM: 5% higher mortality (p=0.86)
Leavy
Retrospective 1,888 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the UK showing no significant difference in health-related quality of life or other..
Ivermectin
Bagheri-Far
In Silico study showing that ivermectin, artemisinin, and DEG-168 may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the ORF8 protein's binding sites. Ivermectin..
PPI
Bianconi
1,087 patients prophylaxis: 37% higher combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.09) and 96% worse results (p=0.0001)
Paxlovid
Bennett
Retrospective case series identifying 35 cases of presumed or documented paxlovid rebound COVID-19 infection from pre-print articles, social media..
Vogel
RCT 671 immunocompromised or aged 65+ participants in the US showing significantly reduced ICU admissions and cost of COVID care with access to at..
Amubarvimab/romlusevimab
Qu
121 patients ICU PSM: 46% lower mortality (p=0.06) and 4% improved viral clearance (p=0.89)
Quercetin
Tamil Selvan
In Silico study showing that the flavonoid compounds hesperidin, narirutin, and isoquercetin may have potential as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV..
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Dec 31
 Aguilera-Rodriguez et al., RSC Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.1039/D4MD00289J Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro by chemically modified tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus
In Vitro study showing that a purified tyrosinase enzyme from the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, chemically modified with polymers, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro protease activity and viral replication in Vero E6 cells. The tyrosinase bioconju..
Nov 2
 Mortezavi et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae529 Virologic Response and Safety of Ibuzatrelvir, a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral, in Adults With COVID-19
27% improved viral clearance (p=0.0001). RCT 240 outpatients showing significant viral load reduction with ibuzatrelvir (an oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor) compared to placebo. The study enrolled non-hospitalized adults aged 18-65 with symptomatic COVID-19 (≤5 days) and positive..
Oct 30
 Bianconi et al., Annals of Medicine, doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2399761 Treatment with proton pump inhibitors is associated with secondary bacterial infections and sepsis in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective analysis of their joint impact on in-hospital prognosis
37% higher combined mortality/ICU admission (p=0.09) and 96% worse results (p=0.0001). Retrospective 1,087 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significantly increased risk of secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) and secondary bacterial sepsis (SBS) sepsis with pre-admission proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. Combined ICU..
Oct 29
 Bhimraj et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciae435 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Management of COVID-19: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Pemivibart for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
Update to IDSA clinical practice guidelines on the treatment and management of COVID-19, providing a conditional recommendation for pre-exposure prophylaxis with pemivibart, an anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, in moderately or sever..
Oct 28
 Vogel et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5314583/v1 A randomized trial of at-home COVID-19 tests, telemedicine, and rapid prescription delivery for immunocompromised individuals
RCT 671 immunocompromised or aged 65+ participants in the US showing significantly reduced ICU admissions and cost of COVID care with access to at-home COVID tests, telemedicine, and rapid paxlovid delivery. There was no significant diffe..
Oct 26
 Bagheri-Far et al., Molecular Biology Research Communications, doi:10.22099/mbrc.2024.50245.2001 Non-spike protein inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by natural products through the key mediator protein ORF8
In Silico study showing that ivermectin, artemisinin, and DEG-168 may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the ORF8 protein's binding sites. Ivermectin showed the highest binding affinity. Authors identified two key binding regions on ORF8 - a..
Oct 26
 Sánchez-García et al., Antioxidants, doi:10.3390/antiox13111301 Potential Beneficial Role of Nitric Oxide in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Beyond Spike-Binding Inhibition
In Vitro study showing that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 and reduces ACE2 enzymatic activity. Authors showed that NO donors DETA-NONOate (DETA-NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) significantly decrea..
Oct 25
 Mitev et al., Preprints.org, doi:10.20944/preprints202410.1998.v1 COVID-19 Prophylactic Effect of Bromhexine Hydrochloride
Retrospective 125 outpatients showing reduced COVID-19 infection rates with prophylactic bromhexine hydrochloride (BRH) use during 2021-2022 COVID waves in Bulgaria. Prior to BRH prophylaxis, 62% of participants reported confirmed COVID-1..
Oct 25
 Pinto et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.72385 Association Between the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Severe Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study
57% higher hospitalization (p=0.15). Retrospective 506 outpatients in Oman showing no significant association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and COVID-19 hospitalization in unadjusted results.
Oct 24
 Iasella et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309449 Impact of variable titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma and recipient SARS-CoV2-specific humoral immunity on survival in hospitalized patients
26% higher mortality (p=0.14), 1% higher ventilation (p=1), and no change in progression (p=1). Retrospective propensity-matched analysis of 290 hospitalized COVID-19 patients who received convalescent plasma (CCP) compared to 290 controls, showing no significant difference in 30-day mortality, ECMO/mechanical ventilation, or hospit..
Oct 20
 Chan et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.71952 Short-Term Outcomes in Patients With Coexistence of COVID-19 Infection and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Large Cohort Study
6% lower mortality (p=0.42), 5% lower progression (p=0.02), and 1% lower hospitalization (p=0.8). PSM retrospective 68,814 COVID-19 patients showing vitamin D deficiency associated with significantly increased risk of requiring critical care services, and non-significant higher all-cause mortality. Mortality for COVID-19 was less like..
Oct 19
 Thomas et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.10.18.619137 Nirmatrelvir-Resistant Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Enhance Host Immune Evasion via Cleavage of NF-κB Essential Modulator
In Vitro study showing that paxlovid use may promote the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that can weaken host immunity and potentially contribute to long COVID. Authors show that SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) mutations that confer resi..
Oct 17
 Stoiber et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4973191/v1 A descriptive analysis of drug related problems identified when prescribing the COVID-19 antiviral drug Paxlovid®
Retrospective 140 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Austria showing that pharmacist review identified a high rate of drug-related problems (DRPs) with paxlovid prescribing, including drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and inappropriate dosing ..
Oct 17
 da Silva et al., Frontiers in Immunology, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1456634 Immunomodulatory effect of bovine lactoferrin during SARS-CoV-2 infection
In Silico, In Vitro, and mouse study showing immunomodulatory effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In Silico analysis showed bLf strongly binds to TLR4 and NF-kB. In Vitro, bLf modulated frequencies of NK and T..
Oct 16
 Matsumoto et al., International Journal of General Medicine, doi:10.2147/IJGM.S476578 Association Between Serum Zinc Concentration Levels And Severity Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) In Japanese Inpatients
72% lower severe cases (p=0.002). Retrospective 467 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Japan showing significantly higher risk of severe cases with zinc deficiency.
Oct 16
 Hung et al., Cureus, doi:10.7759/cureus.71609 Zinc Deficiency and Post-acute Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19: A Six-Month Retrospective Cohort Analysis of 3,726 Patients
42% lower mortality (p=0.05) and 24% lower hospitalization (p<0.0001). TriNetX PSM retrospective 3,726 post-acute COVID-19 patients showing significantly higher 6-month all-cause hospitalization and mortality with zinc deficiency. Zinc levels were measured in the three months before COVID-19 diagnosis.
Oct 16
 Kurosaki et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75338-9 SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a decline in renal megalin expression and affects vitamin D metabolism in the kidney of K18-hACE2 mice
Mouse study showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection decreases renal megalin expression and affects vitamin D metabolism in K18-hACE2 mice. Authors found that infected mice experienced acute kidney injury, suppressed megalin protein levels in pr..
Oct 16
 Wimalawansa, S., Biology, doi:10.3390/biology13100831 Unveiling the Interplay—Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2
Review of the interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in mitigating complications and deaths from SARS-CoV-2. Author reports that over 300 clinical studies have shown that proper doses of vitamin D effective..
Oct 11
 Pan et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39167 Decoding the mechanism of Qingjie formula in the prevention of COVID-19 based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
In Silico study showing potential benefits of quercetin for COVID-19 prevention through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Authors identified quercetin as one of the key active ingredients in Qingjie formula (QJF). Quercetin was ..
Oct 10
 Ashoor et al., JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, doi:10.2196/58018 Comparison of the Neutralization Power of Sotrovimab Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Development of a Rapid Computational Method
In Silico computational method developed to predict the neutralization power of monoclonal antibodies against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The method evaluates binding affinity of antibodies based on molecular interactions and Gibbs free ener..
Oct 8
 Pfizer, NCT05567952 A Study to Learn About a Repeat 5-Day Treatment With the Study Medicines (Called Nirmatrelvir/​Ritonavir) in People 12 Years Old or Older With Return of COVID-19 Symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity After Finishing Treatment With Nirmatrelvir/​Ritonavir
8% improved recovery (p=0.52) and 18% improved viral clearance (p=0.0004). RCT 436 patients with post-paxlovid rebound showing improved viral load at day 5 but no significant difference in recovery time or viral clearance with repeated paxlovid treatment vs. placebo/ritonavir.
Oct 7
 Zhang et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S481591 Efficacy of Azvudine Therapy in Patients with Severe and Non-Severe COVID‐19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
32% higher mortality (p=0.2), 62% higher ventilation (p=0.22), 7% higher ICU admission (p=0.89), and 9% shorter hospitalization (p=0.05). PSM retrospective 303 hospitalized patients treated with azvudine and 303 matched controls in China, showing shorter hospital stay and higher lymphocyte improvement rate, particularly for non-severe patients, however there were no signifi..
Oct 7
 Zhang et al., Natural Product Communications, doi:10.1177/1934578X241288428 Effects and Mechanisms of Andrographolide for COVID-19: A Network Pharmacology-Based and Experimentally Validated Study
In Silico and In Vitro study showing that andrographolide inhibits SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus entry and replication and suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. Network pharmacology analysis identi..
Oct 6
 Santa et al., Frontiers in Nutrition, doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1465324 Comparative analysis of COVID-19 responses in Japan and Africa: diet, phytochemicals, vitamin D, and gut microbiota in reducing mortality—A systematic review and meta-analysis
Comparative analysis of COVID-19 responses in Japan and Africa, focusing on diet, phytochemicals, vitamin D, and gut microbiota in reducing mortality. Authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the unexpectedly..
Oct 4
 Maria et al., European Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.1186/s40001-024-02062-5 Does early combination vs. Monotherapy improve clinical outcomes of clinically extremely vulnerable patients with COVID-19? Results from a retrospective propensity-weighted analysis
72% lower mortality (p=0.15) and 77% lower progression (p=0.03). Retrospective 81 severely immunocompromised COVID-19 outpatients in Italy showing improved composite outcome of death, hospitalization, and emergency department encounters with early combination therapy of an antiviral plus sotrovimab com..
Oct 3
 Quinlan et al., MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7339a3 Differences in COVID-19 Outpatient Antiviral Treatment Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years by Age Group — National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network, United States, April 2022–September 2023
Retrospective 393,390 COVID-19 patients aged ≥65 years showing underutilization of antiviral treatment, with lower use for older patients at higher risk for severe outcomes.
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies. Of the 5,025 studies, 2,453 present results comparing with a control group, 2,246 are treatment studies, and 207 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are 94 animal studies, 175 in silico studies, 328 in vitro studies, 375 reviews, and 226 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments. c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from thousands of papers. Community updates help ensure high accuracy. Treatments and other interventions are complementary. All practical, effective, and safe means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis. No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current and future variants. We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication, consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH provide treatment protocols.
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